I. KINE 300 Physiology
of Exercise
II. Spring 2004 Dr.
Charles E. Poteat
III. Office: Mary Mars Gymnasium
Office Hours: As
posted and by appointment
Email: cpoteat@lmunet.edu
Office Phone 423-869-6371
IV Course Prerequisites:
PHED 271 or BIOL 261 and BIOL 262 or
permission of
instructor
V. Course Description: Components of physical fitness and
athletic conditioning, adaptations in the body that result as a consequence of
short and long term exercise. Also included are the risk factors encountered by
athletes and others involved in physical activity and the development of
fitness and conditioning programs.
VI. Relationship of this course to content area knowledge and
skills:
Upon competition of this course, the student should have
the knowledge and skills to act as a resource person in the area of physical
adaptations due to exercise and risk management and reduction. They should also
be able to identify and define delineate the principles of health and
performance related physical fitness, design programs to assess these
components and design programs to increase these components. These knowledge and skills should also lead
the student to participate in practices that promote wellness.
VII. Text:
Fundamentals of Exercise
Physiology. Robergs and Roberts. Mcgraw/Hill.
2003
VIII. Course Goals:
The physical education student
will understand physical education content, will understand the role of
lifetime physical activity and the principles of safe and effective exercise
and be able to plan a personal fitness program.
IX. Course Objectives:
|
NATA Goals |
Comp # |
Educational Competencies |
|
|
|
|
|
Goal 1. Risk Management &
Injury Prevention : Cognitive |
6 |
Describes the principles of effective heat
loss and heat illness prevention programs. These principles include, but are
not limited to knowledge of the body’s thermoregulatory mechanisms for
acclimation and conditioning, fluid and electrolyte replacement requirements,
proper practice and competition attire, and weight loss. |
|
Goal 1. Risk Management &
Injury Prevention : Cognitive |
10 |
Describes the body’s anatomical and
physiological adaptation to cardiovascular and muscular conditioning
programs. |
|
Goal 1. Risk Management &
Injury Prevention : Cognitive |
11 |
Identifies the components of a physical
conditioning program (pre-season, in-season, post-season, off-season). |
|
Goal 1. Risk Management &
Injury Prevention : Cognitive |
12 |
Compares and contrasts the use of various
types of flexibility and stretching programs, considering the results
athletes and others involved in physical activity would expect if they
followed a recommended routine. |
|
Goal 1. Risk Management &
Injury Prevention : Cognitive |
13 |
Compares and contrasts the use of various
types of strength training and cardiovascular conditioning programs,
considering the effects that athletes and others involved in physical
activity would expect if they followed a recommended routine. |
|
Goal 1. Risk Management &
Injury Prevention : Cognitive |
14 |
Lists the safety precautions, hazards, and
contraindications of various stretching, strengthening, or flexibility
routines and/or equipment. |
|
Goal 1. Risk Management &
Injury Prevention : Cognitive |
15 |
Identifies the precautions and risks
associated with exercise in adolescents. |
|
Goal 1. Risk Management &
Injury Prevention : Cognitive |
9 |
Appreciates and respects the concepts and
theories pertaining to strength, flexibility, and endurance programs or
routines. |
|
Goal 2. Pathology of Injuries and Illnesses: Cognitive |
15 |
Describes the pathology of diseases of the
blood (e.g., anemia, iron deficiency, hemolysis) that I would impair
strenuous physical activity. |
|
Goal 2. Pathology of Injuries and
Illnesses: Affective |
5 |
Understands how the use of exercise will
improve the non-diseased organ system, thus enhancing overall wellness. |
|
Goal 9. Nutritional Aspects of Injuries
and Illnesses: Cognitive |
16 |
Locates, obtains, and interprets
scientific position papers describing healthy
weight loss, fluid maintenance, disordered eating, nutritional
ergogenic aids, diet supplements, and assessment of body composition in
athletes and others involved in physical activity. |
|
Goal 1. Risk Management &
Injury Prevention : Cognitive |
10 |
Describes the body’s anatomical and
physiological adaptation to cardiovascular and muscular conditioning
programs. |
|
Goal 1. Risk Management &
Injury Prevention : Cognitive |
11 |
Identifies the components of a physical
conditioning program (pre-season, in-season, post-season, off-season). |
|
Goal 1. Risk Management &
Injury Prevention : Cognitive |
12 |
Compares and contrasts the use of various
types of flexibility and stretching programs, considering the results
athletes and others involved in physical activity would expect if they
followed a recommended routine. |
|
Goal 1. Risk Management &
Injury Prevention : Cognitive |
13 |
Compares and contrasts the use of various
types of strength training and cardiovascular conditioning programs,
considering the effects that athletes and others involved in physical
activity would expect if they followed a recommended routine. |
|
Goal 1. Risk Management &
Injury Prevention : Cognitive |
14 |
Lists the safety precautions, hazards, and
contraindications of various stretching, strengthening, or flexibility
routines and/or equipment. |
|
Goal 1. Risk Management &
Injury Prevention : Cognitive |
15 |
Identifies the precautions and risks
associated with exercise in adolescents. |
|
Goal 1. Risk Management &
Injury Prevention : Cognitive |
9 |
Appreciates and respects the concepts and
theories pertaining to strength, flexibility, and endurance programs or
routines. |
|
Goal 1. Risk Management &
Injury Prevention : Cognitive |
15 |
Describes the pathology of diseases of the
blood (e.g., anemia, iron deficiency, hemolysis) that I would impair
strenuous physical activity. |
|
Goal 2. Pathology of Injuries and
Illnesses: Affective |
5 |
Understands how the use of exercise will
improve the non-diseased organ system, thus enhancing overall wellness. |
|
Goal 3.Assessment and Evaluation:
Cognitive |
3 |
Describes the physiological and
psychological effects of physical activity and their impact on the
performance of athletes and individuals involved in other forms of physical
activity. |
|
Goal 3.Assessment and
Evaluation: Cognitive |
18 |
Describes the use of basic somatotyping to
quantify objective physical characteristics. |
|
Goal 8. General Medical Conditions and Disabilities: Cognitive |
12 |
Recognizes the relationship between
changes in blood pressure and changes in activity level. |
|
Goal 8.General Medical
Conditions and Disabilities: Cognitive |
13 |
Recognizes the relationship between
changes of respiration rate and changes in activity level. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Physical Education Goals |
Comp # |
Educational Competencies/Learning Objectives |
|
|
|
|
|
Goal 1.Content Knowledge |
6 |
Describe the organic, skeletal, and
neuromuscular structures of the human body, identify how these systems adapt
to skillful movement, physical activity, and fitness and analyze their
contributions to motor performance. |
|
Goal 4. Communication Skills |
2 |
Use computers and other technologies to
communicate, network and foster inquiry. |
|
|
|
|
|
Goal 6. Personal Fitness and Related
Skills |
3 |
Understand the concepts of physical fitness. |
|
|
|
|
|
Goal 6. Personal Fitness and Related
Skills |
4 |
Have an assessment of individual health
related fitness levels including the following: |
|
|
|
Flexibility, endurance, muscular strength
and localized muscular endurance, and the level of muscular body fat. |
|
|
|
|
|
Goal 6. Personal Fitness and Related
Skills |
5 |
Design a personal fitness plan. |
|
|
|
|
|
Goal 6. Personal Fitness and Related
Skills |
6 |
Understand basic skills needed for
successful participation in cardiorespiratory endurance activities. |
|
|
|
|
|
Goal 6. Personal Fitness and Related Skills
|
7 |
Understand and apply the proper
biomechanical and physiological principles related to exercise |
|
|
|
|
|
Goal 6. Personal Fitness and Related
Skills |
8 |
Understand and apply the proper safety
practices as related to exercise. |
|
|
|
|
|
Goal 6. Personal Fitness and Related
Skills |
9 |
Understand the problems associated with
inadequate levels of fitness. |
|
|
|
|
|
Goal 6. Personal Fitness and Related
Skills |
10 |
Understand the relationship between physical
fitness and stress. |
|
|
|
|
|
Goal 6. Personal Fitness and Related Skills
|
11 |
Understand the values associated with
participation in physical fitness. |
|
|
|
|
|
Goal 6. Personal Fitness and Related
Skills |
12 |
Exhibit improvement in physical fitness. |
X. Outline of Course Content/Units of Instruction
Chapter 1
Introduction to Exercise
Physiology, Sports Medicine, and Kinesiology 2
A Brief History of Exercise
Physiology 5
What Are Sports Medicine and
Kinesiology? 9
The Body as a
“Machine”-Systems and Molecules
Overview of the Text 11
Bioenergetics 12
Neuromuscular Concepts 12
Cardiorespiratory
Considerations 12
Physical Training 12
Nutrition and Body Weight
Control 13
Humoral Responses and
Performance Aids 13
The Environment 13
Health and performance related
components of physical fitness
Concepts of exercise mode,
frequency, duration, intensity, overload, progression
Chapter 2
Energy Sources 16
Energy Defined 18
The Biological Energy Cycle 18
Adenosine Triphosphate-ATP 18
Sources of ATP 19
The Aerobic and Anaerobic
Systems during Rest and Exercise 35
Control and Regulation of
Metabolic Pathways 40
Hormone Amplification 41
Substrate/Enzyme Regulation 43
Oxidative State Regulation 43
Chapter 3
Recovery from Exercise
Terminology 50
Recovery Oxygen 50
Fast and Slow Components 51
Replenishment of Energy Stores
during Recovery 52
Restoration of ATP + PC and
the Fast Component
of Recovery 52
Energetics of Phosphagen
Restoration 53
Muscle Glycogen Resynthesis 55
Liver Glycogen Replenishment
58
Reduction of Lactate in Blood
and Muscle 58
Speed of Lactate Removal 59
Effects of Exercise during
Recovery on the Speed of Lactate Removal 59
Fate of Lactate-Physiology of
Lactate Removal 61
Lactate Removal and the Slow
Component of Recovery 61
Restoration of Oxygen Stores
62
02-Myoglobin Stores 62
Other Recovery Considerations
64
Lipid Metabolism 64
Amino Acid Conversion 64
Concentrations of H+, Pi, and
K+ 65
Performance Recovery 66
Chapter 4
Ergometry 74
Treadmill 74
Stationary Cycle 74
Swimming Ergometer 74
Other Devices 74
Energy, Work, and Power 74
Energy and Work 74
Power 76
Direct Measurement of Energy:
Heat Production 76 Indirect Measurement of Energy: Oxygen Consumption 77
Measurement of the Energy Cost
of Exercise 78
Computing the Net Oxygen Cost
of Anaerobic Exercise 79
Computing the Net Oxygen Cost
of Aerobic Exercise 81
The Caloric Equivalent of
Oxygen: The Respiratory Exchange Ratio (R) 82
Carbohydrate 82
Fat 82
Protein 83
Mixed Diet 83
Other Factors Affecting R 84
Protocols for Assessing Fitness 84
Assessing Anaerobic Power 85
Assessing Aerobic Power 86
Computation of Efficiency 94
Other Factors Affecting
Efficiency 96
Common and Modified Methods
for Assessing Energy Cost in the Field 96
Measurement of Energy Cost for
Sprinting and Other High-Intensity Activities 97
Measurement of Energy Cost
Using a Motion Sensor 97
Measurement of Energy Cost
Using Telemetry 98
Ancillary Considerations in
Measuring Energy Expenditure 99
Average Energy and Work Values
99
Chapter 6
Skeletal Muscle: Structure
and Function 130
Structure—The Basis for
Contraction 132
Connective Tissues 132
Tendons 132
Blood Supply 132
Nerve Supply 132
Structure of the Muscle Cell
134
The Sliding Filament Theory of
Muscular Contraction 138
Function of Skeletal Muscle
140
The Motor Unit 140
The Motor Unit and Strength
Gradations
Different Kinds of Motor
Units— Type I (Slow-Twitch) and
Type II (Fast-Twitch) Fibers
143
Muscle Force-Velocity and
Power-Velocity Relationships 156
Local Muscular Fatigue 158
Chapter 7
Pulmonary Ventilation and
Mechanics 170
The Lung—Structure and
Function 172 Ventilatory Mechanics 172
Movement of the Thoracic
Cage—The Respiratory (Ventilatory) Muscles 172
Pressure Changes 173
Minute Ventilation 178
Ventilation and Exercise 178
Alveolar Ventilation and Dead
Space 180
Lactate Threshold and Its
Detection Using Gas Exchange 181
Unique Issues Related to the
Respiratory System and Pulmonary Gas Exchange 184
Common Terminology 184
Second Wind 185
Stitch in the Side 186
Oxygen Cost of Ventilation and
Cigarette Smoking 186
Marijuana Smoking and Exercise
Performance 187
Respiratory Regulation of pH
188
Alkali Reserve 189
Chapter 8
Gas Exchange and Transport 194
Gas Exchange—Diffusion 196
Partial Pressure of Gases 196
P02 and PCO2 Gradients in the
Body 196
Other Factors Affecting Gas
Exchange 199
Diffusion Capacity during
Exercise 200
Gas Transport 200
Body Fluid Compartments 200
Blood Volume 201
Transport of Oxygen by Blood
202
The Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation
(or Association) Curve 205
Transport of Carbon Dioxide by
Blood 208
Total 02 and CO2 Content of
Blood 211
Chapter 9
Cardiovascular System:
Function and
Exercise Responses 214
Blood Flow Changes 216
The Heart and Cardiac Cycle
216
Cardiac Performance during
Exercise 228
Cardiac Output during
Prolonged Exercise 231
Distribution of Blood Flow 232
Cardiorespiratory Function—The
Whole Picture
Circulatory
Mechanics—Hemodynamics 235
Resistance to Flow 237
Changes in Pressure and
Resistance during Exercise 238
Other Issues Related to the
Cardiovascular System 238
Hypertension 241
Rate-Pressure
Product—Myocardial Oxygen Consumption 241
Comparative Responses during
Arm vs. Leg Exercise 243
TEST 3
Chapter 11
Methods for Anaerobic Training
and Physiologic Responses 268
General Considerations 270
Training Principles 270
Training Phases 276
Preliminary Exercise (Warm Up)
278
Cool-Down Exercises 279
Training Methods for Anaerobic
Performance 280
Interval Training 280
Other Training Methods for
Anaerobic Performance 285
Application of Anaerobic
Training Methods to Various Sports 286
Physiological Effects of
Anaerobic Training 287
General Anaerobic Fitness 287
Anaerobic Training and
Skeletal Muscle 288
Anaerobic Training and the
Heart 289
Detraining 290
Chapter 12
FOR THE REST OF THE SEMESTER, EACH STUDENT SHOULD COME TO CLASS DRESSED IN APPROPRIATE WORK OUT CLOTHES, YOU WILL BE ENGAGED IN ALL THE EXERCISES FOR TRAINING, THERE WILL BE NO EXCEPTIONS
Methods for Aerobic Training
and Physiologic Responses 294
General Considerations 296
Training Principles 296
Training Phases 302
Warm-Up and Cool-Down
Exercises 303
Training Methods for Aerobic
Performance 304
Long-Duration,
Moderate-Intensity Training 305
Moderate-Duration,
High-Intensity Training 305
Short-Duration, Very
High-Intensity Training 306
Speed Play or Fartlek Training
307
Cross-Training 307
Physiological Effects of
Aerobic Training 308
Aerobic Training and the
Skeletal Muscle 308
Cardiorespiratory (Systemic)
Changes 311
Changes in Connective Tissues
324
Other Factors Influencing
Training and Training Effects 325
Genetic Limitations 325
Training and Competition
during Menstruation 326
Chapter 13
Development of Muscular
Strength, Endurance, and Flexibility 339
Weight-Training Programs 340
Muscular Strength: Definition
and Types of Contractions 340
Muscular Endurance Defined 344
Physiological Changes
Accompanying Increased Strength 345
The Overload Principle 348
Specificity of Weight Training
349
Muscular Soreness 351
Strength and Endurance
Programs 353
Special Training
Considerations 361
flexibility 363
Structural Limits to
flexibility 363
Development of Flexibility 364
Flexibility and Performance
366
50 PHYSIOLOGICAL BENEFITS OF EXERCISE DUE
BEGIN WORK ON FITNESS WORK OUT PROGRAM FOR PRE-SEASON, INSEASON, POST-SEASON – TOTAL 23 WEEKS
Chapter 14
Physical Activity and Health
374
Physical Activity and Public
Health: An Overview 376
The Magnitude of the Problem
376
Health vs. Fitness 376
Healthy People 2000 Objectives
377
The Economic Benefits of
Physical Activity 379
The Public Health Burden of
Physical Inactivity 380
How Much Exercise Is Enough?
387
Medical Evaluation 388
Dose of Physical Activity 388
Determinants and Barriers to
Physical Activity 393
Risks of Exercise and Physical
Activity 394
Exercise Training and Other
Health-Related Issues 395
Diabetes Mellitus 395
Blood Clotting and
Fibrinolytic Activity 396
Blood Cholesterol (Lipid)
Levels 396
Immunology 397
Mental Health 398
Exercise at Both Ends of the
Human Life Span 399
Children and Adolescents 399
Older Adults 400
Female-Specific Issues and
Physical Activity 400
Menstruation 400
Pregnancy, Injuries to the
Breasts and Reproductive
Organs, and the Developing
Fetus 402
Chapter 18
Drugs and Ergogenic Aids 480s
Ergogenic Aids (EA) Defined
494
Problems in Research Design
494
Nutrition Aids 495
Carbohydrates 495
Water and Electrolytes 495
Vitamins and Minerals 495
Pharmacological Agents 496
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
496
Growth Hormone 498
Amphetamines 498
Alkaline (Bicarbonate)
Ingestion 499
Caffeine 499
Pangamic Acid (Vitamin B-IS)
500
Physiological Agents 500
Blood Doping 500
Oxygen 501
Classification of
“Contemporary” Ergogenic Aids 501
Sports and Drug Testing 504
Chapter 19
Temperature Regulation:
Exercise in the Heat and Cold 510
Heat Balance 512
Heat Exchange 512
Heat Production (Gain) 514
Assessment of Body Temperature
S1S
Mechanisms of Heat Exchange
515
Temperature Regulation 516
The Thermal Regulatory Center
516
Thermal Receptors 516
Thermal Effectors 518
Exercise in the Heat 518
Circulatory System and
Sweating Mechanism 519
Cardiovascular Drift 519
Dehydration 520
Exercise Metabolism 520
Thermal Injury 520
Acclimatization to Heat and
Physical Conditioning 523
Fluid Replacement 524
Water Loss vs. Fat Loss 524
Electrolyte Replacement 525
Clothing 525
Assessing Environmental Heat
Stress 526
Exercise in the Cold 528
Physiological Responses during
Exercise in the Cold 528
Factors That Influence Heat
Loss in the Cold 531
Health Risks of Cold Exposure
532
Training in the Cold 533
Other Factors That Influence
Thermoregulation
Age 534
Gender Differences 534
Performance at Altitude 547
Acute Effects of Altitude 547
Conditioned versus
Nonconditioned Persons